WARNING BRAIN

Keywords: Selective Attention, Consciousness and Human Movement, Training Cognitive, Neuroscience and Philosophy, decision-socket, brain Illusion, inattenzionale blindness, mental processing.

Binocular Rivalry

It is a powerful optical illusion discovered by Charles Wheatstone in 1838 through a machine he created called a stereoscope. In it a different image is presented to each eye; but at a given moment we only see one image. Example: if a face is presented to the left eye, and a house to the right, instead of seeing two images united, we see infinite alternations between the face and the house, and so on. So the vision becomes unstable, and instead of combining the scene, the viewer alternates with short transitions, at every instant, between one image and another. We must remember that under normal conditions, the brain does not notice that there are two images, and simply mixes them into a single homogeneous visual scene. Charles Wheatstone teaches us that our brain takes advantage of the small space that exists between our eyes, which causes a relative change of image, to localize objects in depth, and thus have a vivid sensation of the third dimension.

Conclusion 1: this alternation created by the brain does not seem to be driven by willpower, therefore when two incompatible images are presented it would seem that they compete for conscious perception, hence the concept "binocular rivalry". Despite thanks to research (Chong, Tadin and Blake, 2005, Chong and Blake, 2006) today it is known that attention plays a very important role in the process of cortical competence. First, if we try with all our might to pay attention to one of these two images – for example, the face instead of the house - its perception will last longer. The mere existence of a single “winning” image depends on the attention we give to the image itself (Zhang, Jamison, Engel, He and He, 2011, Brascamp and Blake, 2012). When we remove our attention from the place where the two images appear, they stop competing.

Conclusion 2: The binocular rivalry depends attention: when there is a mind that is attentive to conscious manner, the two images are processed together and now do not try to compete. Brascamp and Blake (2012) said that the binocular rivalry requires an active and attentive observer, so the attention puts a limit on the number of images on which you can pay attention at the same time.

attentional blink

It is a method which consists in creating a short period of invisibility of an image saturating
temporariamente the conscious mind (Raymond, Shapiro y Arnell, 1992):

3 9 7 M 6 8 4 T 8 1 6 2

(Letter 1) (letter 2)

A string of symbols appears on the screen of a computer. In most, the symbols are letters and numbers, but some are asking the participant to remember. The first letter is easily remembered. If the second letter appears half a second (or more) after the first, this also is recorded with precision in the memory, if the time that elapses between the appearance of a letter and the other is shorter, the second usually is not recorded in consciousness. The mere act of paying attention to the first letter creates a "temporary flashing of mind” that erases the perception of the second.
Thanks to brain magnetic resonance image, we can see that all the letters, even the unconscious enter the brain. All reach preliminary visual areas, yet can advance until a fairly deep stage of visual processing; a part of the brain "knows" well when he was presented with a letter (ie a different symbolism of the number) (Marti, Sigman and Dehaene, 2012), however, this knowledge never comes to our conscious perception (Chun and Potter, 1995).

Conclusion 1 “Dehne“: Binocular rivalry reveals a competition between two contemporary images. During attentional blinking, a competition similar to long time occurs between two images that appear successively in the same location. Usually our consciousness is too slow to follow the rhythm of a rapid presentation of images on a screen, although we seem to see all numbers and letters in reality we do so in a passive form, the act of tracing a letter in memory is enough to keep our conscious means occupied for a sufficient time in which a temporary period of invisibility is created.

In everyday life there seems to be no problem for a person to perceive two images/stimuli at the same time. For example: hearing a car horn and at the same time paying attention to an image. The questions are clear: are humans capable of perceiving two things at the same time? In carrying out dual tasks, do we really process two unconnected elements consciously at the same time? The answer is no; the impression that our consciousness works in line with both stimuli is wrong, therefore the processing mechanism is sequential (which does not mean that we cannot do two or three things at the same time, see multitasking in evolution): https://www.neuromove.it/una-sezione-della-homepage/

Psychological Refractory Period:
While the conscious mind processes a first element at a conscious level, it seems to be temporarily refractory to other subsequent inputs, therefore slowing down the speed of brain processing. While it deals with this first element, the second remains (the mind processes the second stimulus unconsciously) walking on an unconscious capture. We don't notice that this period of unconscious waiting exists, but how can it happen in a different form? Our consciousness is occupied with something else, so there is no way to exit the system and realize that our conscious perception of the second element is delayed. AND’ for this reason that when we are absorbed in a thought our subjective perception of the time in which events occur can be systematically wrong (Marti, Sackur, Sigman and Dehaene, 2010, Dehaene, Pegado, Braga, Ventura, Nunes Filho, Jobert, Dehaene-Lambertz and Otros, 2010, Corallo, Sackur, Dehaene and Sigman, 2008). Even when two stimuli are objectively simultaneous, we are unable to perceive simultaneity, and we systematically feel that the first one we paid attention to will be first in our mind, in our experience, compared to the other stimulus despite it being objectively simultaneous.

Blindness inattenzionale:
The voracious readers and writers, chess players and Buddhists who necessarily must focus, mathematicians absorbed, know very well plunge into long periods of mental isolation, during which you lose the perception of all of what's around; the phenomenon is called blindness inattenzionale; that is, it produces an invisibility for lack of attention to some event in your field, we see the example of selective attention test that neuroscientists Dan Simmons and Christopher Chabris created:

The video shows two teams, with a white shirt and the other black, while practicing basketball. Meanwhile aglii asks viewers to count the steps that makes the white team. The video has a duration of thirty seconds and a p0′ concentration, most of the world has 15 steps here is the video:

??? You see the gorillas. (It may be or it may be not!) An actor gorilla suit comes on stage, it hits your chest a couple of times and leaves. Most viewers can not find the gorilla the first time I see the video; the simple fact of focusing on white knitted players makes the black gorilla is not seen.
In cognitive psychology experiment is a very famous gorilla experiment. More or less at the same time many researchers discovered a dozen similar situations which do not focus leads to temporary blindness. Here are some of them:

Blindness to change : (Rensink, O’Regan y Clark, 1997)

Blindness to the option“(Johansson, Hall, Sikström y Olsson, 2005). EYouTube y buscar el video Whodunnit.

NEUROPHYSIOLOGY BASIC

The nervous system of all vertebrates, from fish to that of man can be divided into two parts: The central nervous system and the nervous system peripheral. It can be said that the latter is the interface of the central nervous system with the outside world. The peripheral nervous system includes all the nerves and ganglia of all, that all these groups of neurons that are scattered in the body outside of the spine. It is formed by a motor component. The set of sensory nerves transmit to the central nervous system and the feelings that come from the viscera and those coming from the sensory organs, such as eyes, ears, skin, etc.…

Otherwise, the orders issued by the central nervous system are sent via the motor nerves. The motor component is further distinguished in somatic nervous system, which includes the nerves that go to the muscles, and in the autonomic nervous system, Formed by the nerves that go to the internal organs and which are responsible for the control of involuntary functions (heartbeat, for example, is involuntary).

His return the autonomic nervous system It is formed by two systems, the sympathetic and parasympathetic which have opposite effects on the internal organs. The activation of the sympathetic system prepares for action: the heart rate increases, the lungs dilate to deliver more oxygen, digestion is inhibited, is stimulated secretion of adrenaline. On the contrary, the activation of the parasympathetic system allows the maintenance functions of the organism; the heart rate is lowered, digestion is activated and the subject often falls into a stupor.

CONCLUSION

These mental events are clear, and happen every day without realizing it, without the possibility to control them, sometimes unconsciously.

In fact inattention can make sure that everything disappears from our consciousness, or that there is not in our mental world. For this we must take two questions: these mental events are structural part of our cognition? Or they are isolated events that affect and modify our cognition? That is, in affect our reading of the situation, the decision taken in our performance?

We can now say that there are at least two types of attention, a revolt inside, that has to do with sensation, interocezione and proprioception of the body (they naturally moves in a space – fixed time) Proprioceptive example: relaxation of a muscle, the position of the body segments for a technique; interoccetive: discomfort in an organ, desire to go to the bathroom, etc. The other attention is directed externally (like inattentional blindness) to what happens in the environment around us, to what is external to our body.

The balance between one and the other attention gives possibility to voluntary movement, to motor learning, in other words it enhances or diminishes decision-making and performance in all sports, as well as every human activity. In other words, the organism together with its central nervous system uses its consciousness to pay attention to the peripheral nervous system, i.e. the somatic nervous system (attention directed inward), but at the same time it uses this system to learn about the world, to perceive the environment around us; the peripheral system is therefore an objective of attention but at the same time it is an unconscious means of gathering information about the world, about the game... (attention directed towards the outside).

In other words, the somatic system “target” attention turned inward and “half” for the attention directed outwards.

(The fact of wanting to focus their eyes when they move is an example of this feature; this is impossible, I can only pay attention to the eyes when they are motionless; the peripheral somatic system is what drives the neuro muscles of the eye to search external data, but at the same time can become focus of attention of my brain).

So the attention is trained? Or every daily or sporting activities inherently works because it is an innate cognitive ability?
The attention becomes very important for the proper execution of the movement? What attention?
How much must train in a season, in a training session, with what methodology ?; What is the duration in each repeated? 15, 20, 30 seconds or 1 minute continuous? It must be connected with the energy systems? It must be connected with the dynamics of the sport in question?
What attention is more important in closed sports skill? As for open sports skill?
The internal attention to sports closed and cyclic (swimming, cycling ...)? The external focus Slot open for sports (basketball, tennis, soccer…)? Or any two are used for both types of sports?
These are all questions to which places great Neuromove cautionAnd that at the same time has allowed us to create precise methodologies for different sports, and some martial arts.

PHILOSOPHY OF RESEARCH IN THIS ARTICLE: “THE rEDUCTIONISM”

What is reductionism in the study of the brain? IS’ a part of the human study, where the main topic says that all physical and mental events of the brain can be explained by a research methodology in the third person. That means outside observers that with the development of the scientific method, its inherent logic and empirical evidence can you come to analysis, conclusions and explanations of phenomena that affect the brain.

Furthermore, reductionism reduced the problem trying to find answers on the parts of a given system; for example: in the case of the mind reductionism study the neuron, in the case of a physical system it will focus on the atoms, and so on …

1. SOURCES:

Emerging from Body: The Consciousness Embodied by: FiloSoFarSoGood “Riccardo Dal Ferro”

Neurocienze and sports ” Stafano Tamo”

The self that comes to mind “Antonio Damasio”,

Consciousness in the Brain “Stanislas Dehane”

Methodology of Training “Veronica Billat”

The Dominant Eye “Paul Dorochenko”

Neuroscience Brochure “Battaglini” University of Trieste

AUTHOR: José De Laurentis.